1. Understand the structure and function of the eyeball, including the role and structure of the following parts: anterior segment (or compartment), posterior segment (or compartment), aqueous humor, vitreous humor, ciliary body, suspensory ligament, cornea, iris, pupil, lens, sclera, choroid, retina, macula lutea, fovea centralis, optic nerve, optic disc.

2. Know the function of rods and cones, and know their distribution on the retina.

3. Know the following abnormalities of the eye: myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, cataracts, glaucoma and their cause.

4. Be able to trace sound waves from the external ear to the organ of Corti, and understand the structure and role of each of the following: auricle (pinna), external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlea, pharyngotympanhic (auditory) tube, perilymph, endolymph, scala tympani, basilar membrane, organ of Corti, tectorial membrane, hair cells, cochlear nerve, vestibular membrane, scala vestibuli, round window.

5. Know the divisions of the ear into external, middle, and inner ear -- and know the above structures that are a part of each division.

6. Know the meaning of static equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium.

7. Know the structure and function of the following as it applies to static equilibrium: utricle, saccule, macula, otoliths, hair cells, vestibular nerve

8. Know the structure and function of the following as it applies to dynamic equilibrium: semicircular canals, endolymph, crista ampullaris, cupola, hair cells, vestibular nerve.

9. Know what is meant by conduction impairment vs. nerve impairment.