1. What is an endocrine gland? What is a hormone?

2. What glands and structures in the body produce hormones?

3. What are three methods of action that hormones can use to stimulate a target cell?

4. Know the location of the pituitary and it’s division into the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary. Know the hormones released by the posterior pituitary and their actions: oxytocin, ADH. Know the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary and their actions: GH (somatotropin), TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, prolactin.

5. Know the location of the thyroid & it’s hormones and the actions of it’s hormones: thyroxine (T₄, T₃), calcitonin. Know how it is stimulated by the anterior pituitary.

6. Know the location of the adrenal gland and it’s division into the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. Know the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex and their actions: mineralocorticoids (ex. aldosterone), glucocorticoids (ex. cortisol), and gonadocorticoids (ex. androgen). Know the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla and their actions: epinephrine, norepinephrine.

7. Know the location of the gonads & their hormones and hormone actions: testosterone, progesterone, estrogen.

8. Know the relationship of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland. Know how the following hypothalamic hormones affect the anterior pituitary: GHRH, GHIH, PRH, PIH, TRH, CRH, GnRH

9. Know the location of the parathyroid & it’s hormone and hormonal action: PTH

10. Know the location of the pancreas & it’s hormones and hormonal actions: glucagon, insulin

11. Know the location of the pineal body & it’s hormone and hormonal action: melatonin

12. Know the location of the thymus & it’s hormones and hormonal action: thymosin, thymopoietin

13. Know the following diseases (and their causes) related to hormonal disorders: diabetes insipidus, gigantism, acromegaly, dwarfism, Grave’s disease, cretinism, myxodema, Addison’s disease, aldosteronism, Cushing’s disease, masculinization, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia