Describe the difference between pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiratory gas transport and internal respiration.
Know the location and function of each of the following upper respiratory structures: external nares (nostrils), nasal cavities, nasal septum, hard palate, soft palate, paranasal sinuses, internal nares, pharynx, nasopharynx, uvula, auditory (eustachian) tube, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.
What is the function of the larynx, and where is it located?
Know where the following nine cartilages of the larynx are located, and what their functions are: thyroid cartilages, cricoid cartilages, epiglottis, false vocal cords, true vocal cords (glottis)
Describe the trachea, including the role of the mucociliary escalator.
Know the structure and function of the following: primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
Discuss the differences between the right and left lung.
Describe the blood circulation to and from the lungs.
Discuss the serous membranes associated with the lungs.
Discuss the mechanics behind inspiration and expiration.
What causes lungs to collapse?
Discuss the roles of passageway resistance, lung compliance, lung elasticity, and alveolar surface tension in pulmonary ventilation.
Describe the role of surfactant in the lungs, and its role in Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS).
What is the meaning of the following with regard to pulmonary function tests: tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), residual volume (RV), vital capacity (VC), total lung capacity (TLC), anatomical dead space. What are average values of the above, and how do certain diseases affect these measurements?
Discuss Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure and Henry's Law and how they apply to gas exchange.
What is a hyperbaric oxygen chamber used for?
What are problems that divers encounter regarding gas exchange?
Discuss the causes and symptoms of hypoxia.
Discuss how respiration is controlled by the brain, and what stimuli are involved in controlling respiration.
Discuss the following respiratory diseases: emphysema, asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis.