BIOLOGY 122 Study Objectives -- Chapter 24

1. What are the organs of the alimentary canal? the accessory digestive organs?

2. What are the functional processes of the digestive system?

3. Describe the serous membranes and ligaments associated with the digestive

system.

4. Understand the histology of the GI tract, including the layers: mucosa, submucosa,

muscularis, and serosa

5. Discuss the role and location of the following structures related to digestion:

oropharynx, mouth, tongue, parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual

glands, laryngopharynx, esophagus, gastroesophageal sphincter, stomach,

pyloric sphincter, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, common bile

duct, pancreatic duct, liver, gall bladder, hepatic duct, pancreas, cecum,

appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid

colon, rectum, anus.

6. Know the difference between deciduous and permanent teeth, as well as the

incisors, canines, premolars and molars. Know the general structure of a tooth.

7. Know the meaning of peristalsis.

8. Know the following as they relate to the stomach: fundus, cardia, body, pyloris,

zymogenic cells, parietal cells, mucous neck cells, rugae.

9. Know the following as they relate to the small intestine: villi, microvilli, brunner's

glands.

10. Know the functions of the liver and of it's primary cells, the Kupffer cells.

Understand the hepatic portal circulation as it relates to the liver.

11. Understand the following digestive diseases: mumps, impacted teeth, dental

caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, hiatal hernia, heartburn (acid reflux), gastritis,

ulcer, hepatitis, cirrhosis, appendicitis, peritonitis, diarrhea, constipation,

gastroenteritis.

12. Know what is meant by mastication. bolus. chyme.

13. What are the components of saliva, and what do they do?

14. How is swallowing controlled by the nervous system?

15. Describe the three phases of gastric secretion: cephalic phase, gastric phase,

and the intestinal phase.

16. Describe the role of the following enzymes and hormones: pepsinogen, pepsin,

HCl, gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK).

17. What is absorbed through the stomach lining?

18. Describe the composition of intestinal juice, bile, and pancreatic juice (including

the enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, lipase, and nucleases.

19. What are brush-border enzymes and what do they do?

20. What is absorbed in the small intestine? How are fats absorbed differently?

21. What is absorbed in the large intestine?

22. Describe the process of defecation, including the role of the valsalva maneuver.