BIOLOGY 122 Study Objectives -- Chapter 25

1. What types of nutrients are needed by humans? What is the purpose for nutrients?

2. What is an essential nutrient?

3. How are carbohydrates obtained in the diet? How are they used by the body?

4. What is the minimum daily requirement for carbohydrates?

5. How are lipids obtained in the diet? How are they used by the body?

6. What is the one essential fatty acid needed in our diet?

7. How much lipid, and what type, should we have in our diet?

8. How much cholesterol should we have in our diet?

9. How are proteins obtained in the diet? How are they used by the body?

10. What conditions are necessary for protein synthesis?

11. How much protein is needed in the diet?

12. What are vitamins? coenzymes?

13. Which vitamin is made by the human body?

14. Which vitamins are water soluble? fat soluble?

15. Describe the importance of vitamins A, B, C, D, E, and K. Describe deficiency

problems with each vitamin.

16. Which major minerals are needed by the body, and why are they needed?

17. What are the sources of minerals in our diet?

18. What is meant by malnutrition? undernutrition?

19. What is metabolism? anabolism? catabolism?

20. What is cellular respiration?

21. What is oxidation and reduction? Relate these to the function of NAD and FAD.

22. Describe the process of glycolysis, including inputs and outputs. Where does it

occur?

23. Describe the Kreb's cycle, including inputs and outputs. Where does it occur?

24. Describe the electron transport system, including inputs and outputs. Where does it occur?

25. What is the total yield of ATP overall? What is the total ATP yield in glycolysis?

Kreb's cycle? Electron transport system?

26. How is glucose metabolism controlled?

27. What is gluconeogenesis?

28. Describe how lipids are metabolized, and how excess lipids are stored.

29. Describe how proteins are metabolized.

30. What is the difference between the absorptive state and postabsorptive state of

metabolism.

31. What is the role of the liver in human physiology?

32. What is the role of LDL and HDL?

33. What is obesity?

34. How is food intake regulated?

35. Describe the meaning of basal metabolic rate, and how it is measured? What

affects this rate?

36. How is heat generated by the human body? What is the difference between the

core and the shell in reference to body heat?

37. Describe the processes of heat-promotion and heat loss.

38. Describe the process of heat stroke and heat exhaustion.

39. Describe the process of fever.