1. Know the following bones and processes, be able to identify them on a bone illustration:

For the axial skeleton:

Cranium bones:

1. frontal bone -- frontal sinuses, supraorbital foramina

2. parietal bones -- sagittal suture, coronal suture, squamous suture, lambdoid suture

3. occipital bone -- foramen magnum, occipital condyles

4. temporal bones -- zygomatic process, mastoid process, styloid process, external

auditory meatus, petrous portion, mandibular fossa

5. sphenoid bone -- sella turcica, optic foramen, superior orbital fissure, foramen

rotundum, foramen ovale

6. ethmoid bone -- cribriform plate, crista galli, perpendicular plate, middle nasal concha

Facial bones:

1. maxillae -- maxillary sinus, palatine process, infraorbital foramen, alveolar margin

2. zygomatic bones -- temporal process

3. nasal bones

4. lacrimal bones

5. palatine bones

6. inferior nasal conchae

7. vomer

8. mandible -- mandibular condyle, coronoid process, mandibular notch, alveolar margin, mental foramina

9. hyoid bone (not really a facial bone, but I couldn’t figure out where else to put it!)

Vertebrae -- Know the following processes found on the vertebrae: body, spinous process,

transverse processes, transverse foramina (only on cervical vertebrae), vertebral arch,

vertebral foramen, superior articular process, inferior articular process, intervertebral

foramina

1. cervical vertebrae (C₁ - C₇)

a. atlas (C₁)

b. axis (C₂) -- dens

2. thoracic vertebrae (T₁ - T₁₂)

3. lumbar vertebrae (L₁ - L₅)

4. sacrum -- sacroiliac joint, sacral promontory, sacral foramina, median sacral crest

5. coccyx

Thoracic cage:

1. sternum -- manubrium, body, xiphoid process

2. true ribs

3. false ribs (including floating ribs)

 For the appendicular skeleton:

Pectoral girdle:

1. clavicles -- sternoclavicular joint

2. scapula -- glenoid cavity, spine, acromion, coracoid process

Upper limb:

1. humerus -- head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, deltoid tuberosity, olecranon

fossa, coronoid fossa

2. ulna -- olecranon process, coronoid process, trochlear notch, head

3. radius -- head, radial tuberosity

4. carpals

a. scaphoid

b. lunate

c. triquetral

d. pisiform

e. trapezium

f. trapezoid

g. capitate

h. hamate

5. metacarpals (1 - 5)

6. phalanges -- proximal, middle and distal phalanges (1 - 5)

Pelvic girdle (coxal bones):

1. ilium -- iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, acetabulum, pelvic rim

2. ischium -- ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, obturator foramen

3. pubis -- pubic symphysis joint

Lower limb:

1. femur -- head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, medial condyle, lateral

condyle.

2. tibia -- medial condyle, lateral condyle, tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus

3. fibula -- head, lateral malleolus

4. patella

5. tarsal bones

a. talus

b. calcaneus

c. cuboid

d. navicular

e. medial cuneiform

f. intermediate cuneiform

g. lateral cuneiform

6. metatarsals (1 - 5)

7. phalanges -- proximal, distal, middle phalanges (1 - 5 )

2. Which of the bones are found in the orbit?

3. Which of the bones are found in the nasal cavity?

4. Which of the bones contain paranasal sinuses?

5. What are scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis?

6. What are the fetal fontanels, and what are they for?

7. Be able to identify the location of the fetal fontanels.