Exam #2                                                                                                               Name________________________________

Biology 251                          (By placing my name in the above space, I attest that I am in complete compliance with the

23 February 2007                                                Young Harris College Honor Code)

 

PART A.  Please provide an appropriate definition for each of the following terms.  Do not just provide an example.  Each correct response is worth 2 pts.

 

1.  macronutrient-

 

 

2.  thermophile-

 

 

3.  facultative anaerobe-

 

 

4.  biocide-

 

 

5.  microbiological death-

 

 

6.  autoclave-

 

 

7.  sonication-

 

 

8.  phenol-

 

 

9.  antibiotic-

 

 

10.  penicillin-

 

 

11.  quinine-

 

 

12.  acyclovir-

 

 

13.  virulence-

 

 

14.  toxemia-

 

 

15.  symptom-

 

 

16.  thermal death point (TDP)–

 

 

 

PART B.  Please select the best answer to each question.  Each correct response is worth 1 pt.

 

_____17.  Bacteria are able to use _____ as a carbon source.

                a.  protein

                b.  carbohydrates

                c.  lipids

                d.  all of the above

                e.  none of the above

 

_____18.  Microbes can vary greatly in their:

                a.  vitamin requirements

                b.  oxygen requirements

                c.  method of obtaining energy

                d.  all of the above

                e.  none of the above

 

_____19.  Protein can be used as a _____ source by bacteria.

                a.  nitrogen

                b.  carbon

                c.  sulfur

                d.  all of the above

                e.  none of the above

 

_____20.  Heterotrophic microbes that obtain carbon from dead organisms are called:

                a.  saprobes

                b.  parasites

                c.  photoautotrophs

                d.  chemoautotrophs

                e.  none of the above

 

_____21.  Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane is referred to as:

                a.  simple diffusion

                b.  facilitated diffusion

                c.  osmosis

                d.  endocytosis

                e.  none of the above

 

_____22.  Most pathogenic organisms would be:

                a.  mesophiles

                b.  psychrophiles

                c.  thermophiles

                d.  nailphiles

                e.  none of the above

 

_____23.  Microaerophiles:

                a.  require oxygen in large amounts

                b.  require oxygen in small amounts

                c.  can grow with or without oxygen

                d.  cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

                e.  none of the above

 

 

 

 

 

 

_____24.  The different types of bacteria involved with gum disease grow much better in each other's presence than

when they are growing separately.  This cooperative relationship is called:

                a.  symbiosis

                b.  synergism

                c.  commensalism

                d.  antagonism

                e.  none of the above

 

_____25.  The method of reproduction for bacteria is called:

                a.  meiosis

                b.  binary fission

                c.  synergism

                d.  all of the above

                e.  none of the above

 

_____26.  Which of the following phases occurs first in a normal bacterial growth curve?

                a.  death phase

                b.  exponential phase

                c.  lag phase

                d.  stationary phase

                e.  none of the above

 

_____27.  Which of the following instruments is used to measure bacterial numbers?

                a.  autoclave

                b.  sonicator

                c.  dessicator

                d.  cytometer

                e.  none of the above

 

_____28.  If you cut your finger, which of the following antimicrobial substances should you put on the cut?

                a.  disinfectant

                b.  sterilant

                c.  anti-parasitic drug

                d.  antiseptic

                e.  none of the above

 

_____29.  A microbe can be declared dead if it:

                a.  doesn't move

                b.  doesn't breathe

                c.  doesn't grow under ideal conditions

                d.  stains purple using crystal violet

                e.  none of the above

 

_____30.  Antimicrobial agents can be affected by:

                a.  temperature

                b.  pH

                c.  interfering molecules

                d.  all of the above

                e.  none of the above

 

_____31.  Penicillin:

                a.  denatures proteins in bacteria

                b.  interferes with DNA synthesis in bacteria

                c.  breaks up lipid membranes in bacteria

                d.  interferes with cell wall synthesis in bacteria

                e.  none of the above

_____32.  Which of the following forms of heat sterilization kills bacteria the quickest?

                a.  boiling

                b.  steam not under pressure

                c.  steam under pressure

                d.  pasteurization

                e.  dry oven

 

_____33.  Which of the following techniques is not designed to kill all bacteria?

                a.  autoclaving

                b.  pasteurization

                c.  incineration

                d.  all of the above are designed to kill all bacteria

                e.  none of the above are designed to kill all bacteria

 

_____34.  Using moist heat, such as in an autoclave, bacteria can be killed in 3 minutes at 134 C, or 10 minutes at 125

 C, or 15 minutes at 121 C.  What is the thermal death point?

                a.  134 C

                b.  125 C

                c.  121 C

                d.  all of the above

                e.  none of the above

 

_____35.  You are raising the temperature of a substance to 63 – 66 C for 30 minutes.  This is:

                a.  boiling

                b.  autoclaving

                c.  pasteurization

                d.  incineration

                e.  sonication

 

_____36.  Which of the following forms of physical microbial control is primarily bacteriostatic?

                a.  cold

                b.  steam under pressure

                c.  incineration

                d.  ionizing radiation

                e.  nonionizing radiation

 

_____37.  Which of the following would not be a desirable quality of a germicide?

                a.  solubility in water or alcohol

                b.  resistant to inactivation

                c.  noncorrosive

                d.  mainly bacteriostatic

                e.  rapid action in low concentrations

 

_____38.  Surgical instruments should be subject to ____ level decontamination procedures.

                a.  no

                b.  low

                c.  intermediate

                d.  high

 

_____39.  A factor that affects germicidal activity would be:

                a.  the nature of the treated material

                b.  the degree of contamination

                c.  the time of exposure

                d.  all of the above

                e.  none of the above

 

_____40.  Fluoride and chlorox are examples of:

                a.  chlorhexidines

                b.  aldehydes

                c.  halogens

                d.  phenols

                e.  none of the above

 

_____41.  Which of the following is a synthetic antimicrobic?

                a.  penicillin

                b.  tetracycline

                c.  erythromycin

                d.  sulfa drug

                e.  none of the above

 

_____42.  Antibiotics come from:

                a.  our own immune system

                b.  certain rocks

                c.  certain microbes

                d.  petroleum products

                e.  none of the above

 

_____43.  The primary aim of anti-infective therapy is to:

                a.  kill all microbes in the human body

                b.  kill all living things

                c.  destroy the infectious microbe without harming the body

                d.  destroy the body without harming the infectious microbe

                e.  none of the above

 

_____44.  Antimicrobial drugs can:

                a.  inhibit cell wall synthesis

                b.  inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

                c.  inhibit protein synthesis

                d.  all of the above

                e.  none of the above

 

_____45.  Antibiotic resistance occurs primarily when:

                a.  antibiotics are not used.

                b.  antibiotics are overused.

                c.  viruses infect bacteria

                d.  all of the above

                e.  none of the above

 

_____46.  Which of the following antibiotics (derived from Bacillus) is found primarily in topical ointments, like

                Neosporin?

                a.  bacitracin

                b.  erythromycin

                c.  rifampin

                d.  penicillin

                e.  tetracycline

 

_____47.  Which synthetic drug is used in tuberculosis treatment?

                a.  penicillin

                b.  amphotericin B

                c.  quinine

                d.  acyclovir

                e.  isoniazid

_____48.  Which of the following is an anti-fungal drug?

                a.  azidothymidine (AZT)

                b.  mebendazole

                c.  chloramphenicol

                d.  rifampin

                e.  nystatin

 

_____49.  If you have worms, which of the following drugs would be used in treatment?

                a.  quinine

                b.  amphotericin B

                c.  penicillin

                d.  erythromycin

                e.  mebendazole

 

_____50.  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is treated using:

                a.  acyclovir

                b.  erythromycin

                c.  nystatin

                d.  isoniazid

                e.  ribavirin

 

_____51.  Aplastic anemia is a serious side-affect associated with ____ usage.

                a.  sulfa drug

                b.  tetracycline

                c.  aminoglycoside

                d.  chloramphenicol

                e.  penicillin

 

_____52.  In a drug susceptibility test, the following antibiotics showed the following zones of inhibition:  Penicillin –

0 mm, Erythromycin - 10 mm, Tetracycline - 5 mm.  Which would be the best antibiotic for treatment?

                a.  penicillin

                b.  erythromycin

                c.  tetracycline

                d.  all are equally effective

                e.  none of the above are effective

 

_____53.  Which of the following locations in your body have resident flora?

                a.  skin

                b.  large intestine

                c.  upper respiratory tract

                d.  all of the above

                e.  none of the above

 

_____54.  Lactobacillus, an acid-loving bacteria, is often found as a resident of the:

                a.  lungs

                b.  nose

                c.  skin

                d.  large intestine

                e.  vagina

 

_____55.  The potential to cause disease is called:

                a.  pathogenicity

                b.  virulence

                c.  toxicity

                d.  epidemiology

                e.  all of the above

_____56.  Which of the following pathogens can use the placental portal of entry into a baby?

                a.  Salmonella

                b.  influenza

                c.  rabies

                d.  HIV

                e.  none of the above

 

_____57.  Enzymes that aid the penetration of a microbe into a host are called:

                a.  acyclovirs

                b.  exoenzymes

                c.  endotoxins

                d.  all of the above

                e.  none of the above

 

_____58.  When toxins are ingested, it is called:

                a.  toxemia

                b.  intoxication

                c.  adhesion

                d.  nosocomial infection

                e.  none of the above

 

_____59.  A wart  is generally considered to be a ____ infection.

                a.  nosocomial

                b.  hemolytic

                c.  endemic

                d.  systemic

                e.  localized

 

_____60.  Which of the following is a symptom, not a sign?

                a.  blurred vision

                b.  high blood pressure

                c.  fever

                d.  all of the above

                e.  none of the above

               

PART C.  SHORT ANSWER.  8 pts apiece.

 

61, 62 & 63.  Answer three of the following questions:

                a.  Discuss the differences between mutualism (symbiosis), commensalism, synergism, and antagonism.

                b.  How could you detect whether a bacterium was a strict aerobe, strict anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, or

 microaerophile by growing them in a broth culture?

                c.  What are four methods of sterilization that involve heat?  Describe each method.

                d.  What would you use the following anti-microbic chemicals for:  penicillin, amphotericin B, acyclovir,

                                mebendazole.

                e.  Describe the difference between a localized infection, a focal infection and a systemic infection.  Give an

                                example of each.

 

 

For extra credit (5 pts):   Describe the difference between an asymptomatic carrier, an incubation carrier, a convalescent

 carrier, and a fomite.